In 2023, China emerged as the world’s largest extractor of domestic materials, according to UNEP’s Global Material Flows Database. The country extracted a staggering total of 34.2 billion tonnes of materials, including biomass, fossil fuels, metal ores, and non-metallic minerals. This amount is more than four times the extraction of the next two largest countries, India (8.03 billion tonnes) and the United States (7.98 billion tonnes).
China’s mix is mostly composed of non-metallic materials, constituting 70 percent of the total. This category includes sand, gravel, and clay used for construction and industrial purposes. In contrast, Australia’s primary source is metal ores, making up around 53 percent of the country’s total extraction, including iron, aluminum, copper, and other non-ferrous metals.
Globally, a total of 104.1 billion tonnes of biomass, fossil fuels, metal ores, and non-metallic minerals were extracted in 2023
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